Dwarven language: различия между версиями

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{{distinguish|l1 = Кхуздул|wikipedia: Кхуздул}}
''Не путать с кхуздулом''


The '''Dwarven language''' is one of the [[language]]s the player will come across. This language is used in-game for the names of the universe, continents, rivers, dwarven governments and settlements, dwarves, artifacts and engravings. However, as of yet, it lacks everything necessary for proper conversation, like grammar or personal pronouns.
'''Дварфийский язык''' - это один из [[language|языков]] с которым встретится игрок. Этот язык используется в игре для наименования вселенных, континентов, рек, дварфийских правительств и поселений, дварфов, артефактов и гравюр. Однак, этому языку не хватает нужных вещей, необходимых для правильного разговора, как личных местоимений так и грамматики
 
==Алфавит==
==Alphabet==
Буквы дварфийского алфавита:
The letters of the Dwarven alphabet are:
<center>
<center>
{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
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|width=2% align="center"|39||width=2% align="center"|40
|width=2% align="center"|39||width=2% align="center"|40
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="40" | '''Majuscule forms''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''')
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="40" | '''Мажорные буквы''' (Также называемые как '''прописные''' или '''заглавные''')
|-
|-
|width=2% align="center"|A||width=2% align="center"|À||width=2% align="center"|Á||width=2% align="center"|Â||width=2% align="center"|Ä||width=2% align="center"|Å||width=2% align="center"|B||width=2% align="center"|C||width=2% align="center"|D||width=2% align="center"|E||width=2% align="center"|È||width=2% align="center"|É||width=2% align="center"|Ê||width=2% align="center"|Ë||width=2% align="center"|F||width=2% align="center"|G||width=2% align="center"|H||width=2% align="center"|I||width=2% align="center"|Ì||width=2% align="center"|Í||width=2% align="center"|Î||width=2% align="center"|Ï||width=2% align="center"|K||width=2% align="center"|L||width=2% align="center"|M||width=2% align="center"|N||width=2% align="center"|O||width=2% align="center"|Ò||width=2% align="center"|Ó||width=2% align="center"|Ô||width=2% align="center"|Ö||width=2% align="center"|R||width=2% align="center"|S||width=2% align="center"|T||width=2% align="center"|U||width=2% align="center"|Ù||width=2% align="center"|Ú||width=2% align="center"|Û||width=2% align="center"|V||width=2% align="center"|Z
|width=2% align="center"|A||width=2% align="center"|À||width=2% align="center"|Á||width=2% align="center"|Â||width=2% align="center"|Ä||width=2% align="center"|Å||width=2% align="center"|B||width=2% align="center"|C||width=2% align="center"|D||width=2% align="center"|E||width=2% align="center"|È||width=2% align="center"|É||width=2% align="center"|Ê||width=2% align="center"|Ë||width=2% align="center"|F||width=2% align="center"|G||width=2% align="center"|H||width=2% align="center"|I||width=2% align="center"|Ì||width=2% align="center"|Í||width=2% align="center"|Î||width=2% align="center"|Ï||width=2% align="center"|K||width=2% align="center"|L||width=2% align="center"|M||width=2% align="center"|N||width=2% align="center"|O||width=2% align="center"|Ò||width=2% align="center"|Ó||width=2% align="center"|Ô||width=2% align="center"|Ö||width=2% align="center"|R||width=2% align="center"|S||width=2% align="center"|T||width=2% align="center"|U||width=2% align="center"|Ù||width=2% align="center"|Ú||width=2% align="center"|Û||width=2% align="center"|V||width=2% align="center"|Z
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="40" | '''Minuscule forms''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="40" | '''Мизерные буквы''' (Также называемые как '''строчные''' или '''маленькие''')
|-
|-
|align="center"|a||align="center"|à||align="center"|á||align="center"|â||align="center"|ä||align="center"|å||align="center"|b||align="center"|c||align="center"|d||align="center"|e||align="center"|è||align="center"|é||align="center"|ê||align="center"|ë||align="center"|f||align="center"|g||align="center"|h||align="center"|i||align="center"|ì||align="center"|í||align="center"|î||align="center"|ï||align="center"|k||align="center"|l||align="center"|m||align="center"|n||align="center"|o||align="center"|ò||align="center"|ó||align="center"|ô||align="center"|ö||align="center"|r||align="center"|s||align="center"|t||align="center"|u||align="center"|ù||align="center"|ú||align="center"|û||align="center"|v||align="center"|z
|align="center"|a||align="center"|à||align="center"|á||align="center"|â||align="center"|ä||align="center"|å||align="center"|b||align="center"|c||align="center"|d||align="center"|e||align="center"|è||align="center"|é||align="center"|ê||align="center"|ë||align="center"|f||align="center"|g||align="center"|h||align="center"|i||align="center"|ì||align="center"|í||align="center"|î||align="center"|ï||align="center"|k||align="center"|l||align="center"|m||align="center"|n||align="center"|o||align="center"|ò||align="center"|ó||align="center"|ô||align="center"|ö||align="center"|r||align="center"|s||align="center"|t||align="center"|u||align="center"|ù||align="center"|ú||align="center"|û||align="center"|v||align="center"|z
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Of these 40 letters, 25 are vowels (A, À, Á, Â, Ä, Å, E, È, É, Ê, Ë, I, Ì, Í, Î, Ï, O, Ò, Ó, Ô, Ö, U, Ù, Ú, Û); the 15 others are consonants.
В нём 40 букв, 25 гласных (A, À, Á, Â, Ä, Å, E, È, É, Ê, Ë, I, Ì, Í, Î, Ï, O, Ò, Ó, Ô, Ö, U, Ù, Ú, Û); и 15 согласных.


The letters J, P, Q, W, X, and Y of the [[wikipedia:ISO basic Latin alphabet|ISO basic Latin alphabet]] do not occur in the Dwarven alphabet.
Буквы J, P, Q, W, X, и Y [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Латинский_алфавит Латинского алфавита] не входят в дварфийский алфавит.


===Letter frequency===
===Частота букв===


{| class = "wikitable sortable"
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! N !! Letter !! Frequency
! № !! Буква !! Частота
|-
|-
|1 || A || 7.91%
|1 || A || 7.91%
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|}
|}


==Graphemics==
==Графемика==
* [[wikipedia:digraph (orthography)|Digraphs]] ''sh'', ''th'', and ''ng''.
* [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Диграф Диграфы] ''sh'', ''th'', и ''ng''.
** ''h'' only occurs in the digraphs ''sh'' and ''th''.
** ''h'' встречается только в диграфах ''sh'' и ''th''.
* Common consonant cluster ''st''.
* Общепринятый согласный кластер ''st''.
* Dwarven has no [[wikipedia:diphthongs|diphthongs]].
* У дварфов нет [https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Дифтонг дифтонгов].
* ''c'', ''f'', and ''v'' are always followed by a vowel.
* ''c'', ''f'', и ''v'' всегда сопровождаются гласной.
* Possible [[wikipedia: syllable structure|syllable structure]] either (C)<sup>2</sup>V(C)<sup>2</sup> or (C)V(C).
* Возможны [[wikipedia: syllable structure|слоговые структуры]] такие как (C)<sup>2</sup>V(C)<sup>2</sup> или (C)V(C).
===Diacritic meaning===
===Диакритическое значение===
The Dwarven language has five diacritics ([[wikipedia:Grave accent|◌̀]], [[wikipedia:Acute accent|◌́]], [[wikipedia:Circumflex|◌̂]], [[wikipedia:Diaeresis (diacritic)|◌̈]], and [[wikipedia:Ring (diacritic)|◌̊]]) used on five vowels (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', and ''u''). The ring accent only appears on ''a'' and the diaeresis accent doesn't appear on ''u''.
The Dwarven language has five diacritics ([[wikipedia:Grave accent|◌̀]], [[wikipedia:Acute accent|◌́]], [[wikipedia:Circumflex|◌̂]], [[wikipedia:Diaeresis (diacritic)|◌̈]], and [[wikipedia:Ring (diacritic)|◌̊]]) used on five vowels (''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'', and ''u''). The ring accent only appears on ''a'' and the diaeresis accent doesn't appear on ''u''.


Строка 183: Строка 182:
The coincidence of ''Å'' being a separate letter in the Nordic alphabets and the ring diacritic only being used on A in Dwarven is probably just that, a coincidence. If ''Å'' is distinguished from ''A'' in Dwarven, then it is quite strange that no other accents are ever applied to it.
The coincidence of ''Å'' being a separate letter in the Nordic alphabets and the ring diacritic only being used on A in Dwarven is probably just that, a coincidence. If ''Å'' is distinguished from ''A'' in Dwarven, then it is quite strange that no other accents are ever applied to it.


==Vocabulary==
==Лексика==
{{main|Template:Noun dictionary|l1=Noun dictionary|Template:Verb dictionary|l2=Verb dictionary|Template:Adjective dictionary|l3=Adjective dictionary|Template:Prefix dictionary|l4=Prefix dictionary}}
{{main|Template:Noun dictionary|l1=Noun dictionary|Template:Verb dictionary|l2=Verb dictionary|Template:Adjective dictionary|l3=Adjective dictionary|Template:Prefix dictionary|l4=Prefix dictionary}}


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The average word has 1.868 syllables. Words either have one or two syllables.
The average word has 1.868 syllables. Words either have one or two syllables.


=== Notes ===
=== Заметки ===
Interestingly, the language lacks words like dwarf (possibly bistök-udos, "hairy man", or duradudos, "bearded man"), human (technically they have ''udos'' ("man")), goblin or elf (though one could use ''dák-enur'' ("tree-hug") for that). However, it is not lacking words for "pearl" (''kovest'') or "pumpkin" (''elbost'') which do not even exist in-universe.
Interestingly, the language lacks words like dwarf (possibly bistök-udos, "hairy man", or duradudos, "bearded man"), human (technically they have ''udos'' ("man")), goblin or elf (though one could use ''dák-enur'' ("tree-hug") for that). However, it is not lacking words for "pearl" (''kovest'') or "pumpkin" (''elbost'') which do not even exist in-universe.


Версия от 15:08, 22 сентября 2017

Revision-icon.png Эта статья нуждается в переработке. Причина: требуется перевод

Не путать с кхуздулом

Дварфийский язык - это один из языков с которым встретится игрок. Этот язык используется в игре для наименования вселенных, континентов, рек, дварфийских правительств и поселений, дварфов, артефактов и гравюр. Однак, этому языку не хватает нужных вещей, необходимых для правильного разговора, как личных местоимений так и грамматики

Алфавит

Буквы дварфийского алфавита:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Мажорные буквы (Также называемые как прописные или заглавные)
A À Á Â Ä Å B C D E È É Ê Ë F G H I Ì Í Î Ï K L M N O Ò Ó Ô Ö R S T U Ù Ú Û V Z
Мизерные буквы (Также называемые как строчные или маленькие)
a à á â ä å b c d e è é ê ë f g h i ì í î ï k l m n o ò ó ô ö r s t u ù ú û v z

В нём 40 букв, 25 гласных (A, À, Á, Â, Ä, Å, E, È, É, Ê, Ë, I, Ì, Í, Î, Ï, O, Ò, Ó, Ô, Ö, U, Ù, Ú, Û); и 15 согласных.

Буквы J, P, Q, W, X, и Y Латинского алфавита не входят в дварфийский алфавит.

Частота букв

№ Буква Частота
1 A 7.91%
2 À 0.13%
3 Á 0.16%
4 Â 0.31%
5 Ä 0.30%
6 Å 0.28%
7 B 2.76%
8 C 0.48%
9 D 3.81%
10 E 6.24%
11 È 0.14%
12 É 0.13%
13 Ê 0.26%
14 Ë 0.27%
15 F 0.45%
16 G 3.93%
17 H 5.49%
18 I 6.18%
19 Ì 0.14%
20 Í 0.15%
21 Î 0.34%
22 Ï 0.29%
23 K 4.38%
24 L 5.82%
25 M 4.69%
26 N 5.68%
27 O 6.56%
28 Ò 0.16%
29 Ó 0.18%
30 Ô 0.24%
31 Ö 0.29%
32 R 5.95%
33 S 8.59%
34 T 8.43%
35 U 5.54%
36 Ù 0.14%
37 Ú 0.12%
38 Û 0.27%
39 V 0.77%
40 Z 2.08%

Графемика

  • Диграфы sh, th, и ng.
    • h встречается только в диграфах sh и th.
  • Общепринятый согласный кластер st.
  • У дварфов нет дифтонгов.
  • c, f, и v всегда сопровождаются гласной.
  • Возможны слоговые структуры такие как (C)2V(C)2 или (C)V(C).

Диакритическое значение

The Dwarven language has five diacritics (◌̀, ◌́, ◌̂, ◌̈, and ◌̊) used on five vowels (a, e, i, o, and u). The ring accent only appears on a and the diaeresis accent doesn't appear on u.

The diacritics point to Dwarven being a tonal language.

The choice of diacritics is a little bit confusing and makes it hard to decipher their meaning.

Diacritic Diacritic name Use in other languages Probable meaning
◌ None - Neutral pitch
◌̀ Grave accent Low pitch, stressed vowels, open vowels, short vowels. Low pitch
◌́ Acute accent High pitch, stressed vowels, close vowels, long vowels. High pitch
◌̂ Circumflex Used to represent falling pitch or long vowels. Falling pitch
◌̈ Diaeresis (diacritic) Used to show that a vowel should be read separate (like in coöperate). This is certainly not its use in Dwarven because there are no diphthongs. Mid pitch
◌̊ Ring (diacritic) Å is a completely separate letter from A in various Nordic alphabets. And this diacritic is only used on a in Dwarven... Rising pitch

The coincidence of Å being a separate letter in the Nordic alphabets and the ring diacritic only being used on A in Dwarven is probably just that, a coincidence. If Å is distinguished from A in Dwarven, then it is quite strange that no other accents are ever applied to it.

Лексика

Основные статьи: Noun dictionary, Verb dictionary, Adjective dictionary, и Prefix dictionary

The average word in the Dwarven language is 5.088 letters long. The longest known word is ngathsesh, meaning "puke".

The average word has 1.868 syllables. Words either have one or two syllables.

Заметки

Interestingly, the language lacks words like dwarf (possibly bistök-udos, "hairy man", or duradudos, "bearded man"), human (technically they have udos ("man")), goblin or elf (though one could use dák-enur ("tree-hug") for that). However, it is not lacking words for "pearl" (kovest) or "pumpkin" (elbost) which do not even exist in-universe.

The letter W does not exist elsewhere in Dwarven language, so it is unlikely that the word "dwarf" is the native moniker of dwarves for themselves. However "dwarf" might be adopted from the original dwarven word for their own kind, and similarly they might call other races by their respective chosen monikers. "Dwarf" would then be some another language's approximation of the native Dwarven pronunciation, whose correct Dwarvish spelling could purely hypothetically resemble forms such as "dorf" or "dvôrfum".

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Источник — https://dfwk.ru/index.php?title=Dwarven_language&oldid=55512