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[[File:all_food.png|thumb|260px|right|But there was no mustard.]][[Dwarves|Дварфы]] может и [[alcohol|алкоголики]], но они не могут жить на одной выпивке; им также нужна '''еда'''. Голодные дварфы обозначаются мигающей коричневой стрелкой. Голодные дварфы станут истощенными и, в конце концов, умрут

== Механики еды и голода ==
Дварфам требуется около 2 единиц пищи каждый сезон. Дварфы, оставшиеся без еды, становятся все голоднее, работают все медленнее, становятся все более несчастными и и в конечном итоге [[death|умирают]] от истощения. Голодные дварфы, не имеющие возможности получить еду в крепости, будут красть у каждого появляющегося [[caravan|каравана]]; торговцев это особенно не волнует, но стоимость еды добавляется к их издержкам. когда они покидают карту. Кроме того, при голоде дварфы будут ловить и потреблять [[vermin|вредителей]], чтобы выжить, что приводит к невеселым мыслям.

Dwarves will forgo food, drink, and [[sleep]] for a while to complete tasks they are currently performing; how long they will go on depends on their [[personality]], but dwarves will generally not knowingly endanger their lives to finish a job. Dwarves without a current job will perform these activities if they are even a little thirsty, hungry, or drowsy, and will only snap to "No job" once they have done so. The only task that can actually lead to death by preventing a dwarf from covering their vital necessities is a mother trying to find her [[children|infant]]{{verify}}.

Dwarves who don't get enough exercise will quickly become fat, a change that can only be seen by examining their [[thoughts and preferences]] screen. Not surprisingly, fat dwarves are slower at moving around, but the extra fat provides additional insulation from extreme temperatures, a small amount of additional protection against attacks, and longer "burn time" when exposed to [[fire]]. A dwarf's fat stores are depleted by the mere fact of existing, but this happens very slowly. As a dwarf becomes hungrier, they use up more fat, and will die when their reserves are completely exhausted. Fat dwarves can be made fit by giving them more physical and less intellectual things to do; a [[hauling]] regimen works wonders, for instance, and leaves the player wondering why it's so hard for people to shed weight in real life, when all they have to do is move [[stone]] from place to place.

== Механики в деталях ==

Hunger increments by 1 during each game tick ''(i.e. 1200 per day, 33,600 per month, 403,200 per year)''. This rate doubles if the dwarf is a mother carrying her child. When it reaches certain thresholds, the following things happen.

:* 40000 - dwarf starts considering getting something to eat (1/120 chance per tick) if idle
:* 45000 - dwarf decides to go get something to eat if idle
:* 50000 - dwarf starts flashing "[[Status icon|Hungry]]"
:* 65000 - dwarf gets an unhappy thought about being hungry, cancels current job to get something to eat
:* 75000 - dwarf starts flashing "[[Status icon|Starving]]", begins hunting for vermin
:* 85000 - dwarf gets an unhappy thought about being starving
:* 100000 - dwarf starts burning stored fat; when this is completely depleted, the dwarf dies of starvation

Completing an Eat job decreases the relevant counter by 50,000 (to a minimum of zero), though they may also decrement it additional times during the job's progress.

Being starving for even a single [[time|tick]] will cause a [[miscarriage]] among pregnant dwarves.

Prior to version 0.31.07 (and going all the way back to the 2D versions), the unhappy thoughts resulting from hunger/thirst/drowsiness occurred at the exact same time that the dwarf started flashing, but all of the other numbers were otherwise the same. Additionally, in earlier versions (most notably 40d and earlier) dwarves cancelled jobs for food/drink/sleep much more readily.

== Thoughts ==
There are a number of good and bad [[thoughts]] associated with food. Food cooked from or consisting of ingredients the dwarf [[preferences|likes]] will generate a happy thought. High-quality food will improve this happy thought, making a good [[cook]] a valuable addition to the fort. 

Dining in a high-quality setting will also bring a happy thought, making a legendary [[dining room]] an easy way to bring up happiness.

On the other hand, eating the same food over and over again will make the dwarf tire of it, and they will crave new dining. Having a particularly limited dining selection will cause this thought to manifest, more likely early in a fortress's life. For this reason, it is important to get your food industry running, to provide more of a selection to the dwarves. Additional food of most categories can also be purchased from a [[caravan]].

== Food groups ==
Food can be divided into several food groups; the state of the fortress's food reserves can be seen on the [[status]] screen, with the 2 important groups being 'drink' and 'other' (includes prepared meals). Any sort of accurate count will require a [[bookkeeper]]. The same goes for the {{k|z}}-stocks screen that gives a fully detailed overview.

*[[Plant]]s can be [[farming|farmed]] or [[plant gathering|gathered]], and are also the only food group besides [[honey]] that can be processed into drink. Farms are reliable and (usually) easily extendable sources of food, and generally form the backbone of most fortresses' food production.
*[[Meat]] can be sourced from [[meat industry|livestock]], [[hunting|hunted]], [[cage trap|caught live]] and then killed for [[arena|military training]], or stripped from siege [[mount]]s. Meat is more difficult to procure, but comes with important secondary resources ([[leather]], [[fat]], [[bones]]) and provides more variety than plants at a significantly easier rate. [[Vermin]] don't produce meat.
*[[Creature#Aquatic|Fish]] can be caught, either via [[fishing]] or [[drowning chamber|fishing chambers]]. This is the most dependent of the industries, requiring a body of water (be it an [[ocean]], a [[lake]], or a [[river]]). Larger fish caught via fish traps are slaughtered, and their parts counted as part of the meat industry.
*[[Egg]]s can be sourced from a [[egg production|hatchery]]. Any [[tame]] [[Egg_production#Egg-laying_Animals|egg-laying]] female animal will do so occasionally when allowed access to an unclaimed [[nest box]], including very exotic animals like [[alligator]]s and [[roc]]s. These eggs can then be cooked.
*[[Milk]] can be [[Milker|milked]] from certain tame female animals, including the more exotic ones like [[kangaroo]]s and [[tapir]]s. Milk can be cooked or processed into higher-value [[cheese]].
*[[Honey]] and [[royal jelly]] can be produced via [[beekeeping]], and can be cooked or processed into [[mead]].

Note that most food is subject to [[Miasma#Food_rot|rotting]] if not stored properly.

==See Also==
*[[Thirst]]
*[[Farming]]
*[[Farm size calculations|How large a farm do I need?]] 
*[[Egg production]]
*[[Meat industry]]

<nowiki>{{Category|Food|*}}
{{Industry}}
[[en:Food]]</nowiki>


[[Image:Thirsty_Dwarves.gif‎|thumb|right|Dwarves quenching thirst.]]
[[Dwarf|Dwarves]], given time, will eventually get '''thirsty''', as indicated by a blue down [[Status icon|arrow]] blinking over the thirsty dwarf. If a dwarf fails to drink in time, the thirst will proceed to dehydration and eventually death. A dwarf needs to drink about once in every three weeks.

A thirsty dwarf prefers to drink [[Alcohol|booze]] - if none is available, they will go to the nearest [[water]] source and drink, ideally being a [[well]] inside the fortress, but they will drink from a [[river]], [[brook]], or even [[murky pool]]s if there are no other sources of water. A dwarf can live indefinitely on water alone, but without alcohol they will suffer bad thoughts, reduced movement speed/workrate, and combat abilities: making a dwarf's efficiency highly alcohol-dependent. While dwarves prefer an abundance of alcohol, they cannot survive on alcohol alone and will eventually dehydrate and die without drinking water (e.g. trapped with alcohol but no water).

Dwarves seem to be capable of subsisting on [[vomit]] and slime in particularly dire times, though this is (as to be expected) traumatizing and will quickly result in mental breakdowns and [[insanity]]. This will usually only happen in cases of dwarves walling themselves in and being forgotten, and in challenging embark locations.

A [[rest|resting]] dwarf will not do anything on their own until they have recovered from recent injuries (preferably inside a [[hospital]]), and will depend on others to provide them with food and drink. They will not be given booze but receive water carried in [[bucket]]s.

Any baby being carried by its mother will effectively leech drink from her, causing her to become thirsty at double the usual rate. This does not, however, count as alcohol - when a baby is close to 1 year old, it will have severe withdrawal.

[[Vampire]]s and [[necromancer]]s never dehydrate and thus never drink water, but still enjoy consuming [[alcohol]]. In previous versions, [[Werebeast|werebeasts]] also needed not to drink, but this has since been fixed.

Most types of humanoids who join a fortress, such as [[Human|humans]] and [[Elf|elves]] need to drink, eat, and sleep.

==Detailed mechanics==

Thirst increments by 1 during each game [[Time|tick]] ''(i.e. 1200 per day, 33,600 per month, 403,200 per year)'', possibly more if the dwarf is a mother carrying her child. When it reaches certain thresholds, the following things happen.

:* 20000 - dwarf starts considering getting something to drink (1/120 chance per tick) if idle
:* 22000 - dwarf decides to go get something to drink if idle
:* 25000 - dwarf starts flashing {{dftext|Thirsty|6:0}}
:* 35000 - dwarf gets an unhappy [[thought]] about being Thirsty, cancels current [[job]] to get something to drink
:* 50000 - dwarf starts flashing {{dftext|Dehydrated|4:1}}
:* 60000 - dwarf gets an unhappy thought about being Dehydrated
:* 75000 - dwarf dies of thirst

{{Translation
| dwarven = rëcus
| elvish  = pacata
| goblin  = strabtom
| human   = ethgath
}}
Completing a drink job decreases the relevant counter by 50,000 (to a minimum of zero), though they may also decrement it additional times during the job's progress.

Being dehydrated for even a single [[tick]] will cause a [[miscarriage]] among pregnant dwarves.

Prior to version 0.31.07 (and going all the way back to the 2D versions), the unhappy thoughts resulting from hunger/thirst/drowsiness occurred at the exact same time that the dwarf started flashing, but all of the other numbers were otherwise the same. Additionally, in earlier versions (most notably 40d and earlier) dwarves cancelled jobs for food/drink/sleep much more readily.
[[en:Thirst]]


[[Image:Df-crops-diagram.png|thumb|200px|General farming flowchart.]]

'''Farming''' is the act of growing [[crop|crops]] for [[food]], [[alcohol]] production, [[cloth]] manufacturing, and [[paper]] making. While small forts can easily be sustained by plant gathering, [[hunting]] and trading, farming is vital to large settlements.

Farming is done at a '''farm plot''' building ({{k|b}}-{{k|p}}, resize with {{k|u}}{{k|m}}{{k|k}}{{k|h}}). Building uses no resources, and can only be done on [[soil]] or [[Irrigation|muddied rock]]. Mud-free stone will not allow the building of a farm plot on top. Farming requires the "Farming (Fields)" [[labor]], and uses the [[Grower]] skill. Farm plots only display the kind of crops that they are able to grow when selected with the {{k|q}}uery key.

Depending on [[Tile attributes|where the farm plot is constructed]], different crops may be planted. Farm plots built {{DFtext|Above Ground|2:1}} are not suitable for {{DFtext|Subterranean|0:1}} crops and vice versa. Note that the attributes {{DFtext|Inside|6:0:0}}, {{DFtext|Outside|3:0:1}} are of no relevance. You can grow surface plants indoors by channeling out the roof above the desired plot and then constructing a floor ({{k|b}}-{{k|C}}-{{k|f}}) over the open space. Doing this changes the tile from {{DFtext|Dark|0:0:1}} to {{DFtext|Light|6:0:1}}, despite there being a roof (you do '''not''' need to make the roof out of [[glass]] for this to work). A plot with mixed {{DFtext|Light|6:0:1}}  and {{DFtext|Dark|0:0:1}} tiles may show plants as "available" when only a tiny fraction of the tiles in the farm are valid for planting them.

Note that although you can construct a farm plot anywhere there's either a soil floor or a mud covering, this doesn't always mean the seeds you have – especially imported ones – can be planted there. Not all crops can be grown in a given [[biome]], and some biomes will prevent the planting of '''all''' above-ground crops. Even seeds you obtained as a result of [[plant gathering]] might not be plantable where you've chosen to put your farm, if they came from a different biome.

The yellow warning message, {{DFtext|No mud/soil for farm, Mud is left by water|6:0:1}}, is displayed on all above-ground tiles, regardless of whether the farm will function.{{version|0.34.11}}  This warning may be ignored.  Tiles that actually lack mud or soil are excluded from the construction entirely with a red warning message (either {{DFtext|Blocked|4:0:1}} or {{DFtext|Needs soil or mud|4:0:1}}). See the article on [[crop]]s for details on the conditions needed to grow the available plants. 

== Introduction to Farming ==

=== Building a farm ===

<nowiki>[[File:farm_view.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Enough to feed 200 dwarves for 2 days!]]</nowiki>First, select an area for your farm. Building a farm on a [[soil]] layer is easiest (farming in non-soil layers will require [[irrigation]]). Aboveground farms can simply be built on the surface (though this exposes your farmers to attack); subterranean farms will need to have a suitable area dug out underground.  Once you've decided on a location, open the {{K|b}}uild menu and select {{K|p}}lot to build your [[Farming|farm]]. 

To define the width and height of your farm plot, use {{K|u}} to increase vertically, {{K|m}} to decrease vertically, {{K|k}} to increase horizontally, and {{K|h}} to decrease horizontally. Keep your farms ''small'' – 2x2, up to 4x4, or so.  Farms are surprisingly productive.  You can always make more farms later if you run low on plants, and having several small farms lets you diversify your crops.  (Each farm plot can only grow one kind of plant per season.) Position the farm plot with the directional keys as normal. Once you are satisfied with the size and position of the plot, confirm it with {{k|Enter}}, and{{K|Esc}} out of the build menu. Now a dwarf with the "Farming (Fields)" labor will come and prepare the plot for planting. (If you don't have a dwarf with farming enabled, the farm plot won't get built.) 

Once the farm plot has been built, you must select which crops to grow. Press {{k|q}} and move the cursor over the farm. You will see a list of crops you can select to grow in the local biome and current season. Move the blue selector up and down with {{k|-}} and {{k|+}}, and press {{k|Enter}} to choose a crop to plant during that season (highlighted in white). {{DFtext|Crops displayed in red|4:0:1}} cannot be grown at the moment, either due to a lack of seeds, or (if you have seeds) a lack of growing days left before the crop goes out of season. You can change which season is displayed by pressing {{k|a}},{{k|b}},{{k|c}}, or {{k|d}}. Make sure each season has a crop selected, otherwise you'll end up with an idle field for that 1/4 of the year. Instructing a plot to remain fallow ({{k|z}}) during a particular season will tell dwarves not to plant in that plot during that season, though there is little reason for this. Currently, unlike in real life, crop rotation is not necessary; soil productivity is only affected by fertilizing, and the same crop may be grown indefinitely without a decrease in performance, even without fertilizer.

From the {{k|q}}uery menu, you can press {{k|f}} to fertilize your crop with [[potash]]. Fertilized crops produce larger stacks of plants, which can be vital to grow your [[seed]] supply early on and your food supply later on. Pressing {{k|s}} enables the "Seas Fert" option, which automatically fertilizes this particular plot at the beginning of each season (assuming your dwarves have sufficient [[potash]]). You must have the appropriate [[seed]]s to plant a crop on a plot. To easily see how many of each seed you have, you can go to the Kitchen menu ({{k|z}} {{k|right}} {{k|Enter}}).

Since your dwarves require food, booze and clothing, you should set up a combination of plants that will supply all of these. [[Plump helmet]]s are a good beginning crop for a first cave farm, and [[Strawberry|strawberries]] are a good choice for outdoor fields – both can be eaten raw, or brewed. [[Pig tail]]s produce cloth, which will become important once your clothing starts to [[wear]]. Check the [[crop]]s page for details on different seeds. Cooking plants destroys their seeds, so you should disable the cooking of plants in the Kitchen menu. Eating them, brewing them, or processing them through a farmer's workshop, quern, or millstone, will produce seeds.

=== Help, my farmers won't farm! ===

*Verify that you have farmers – that is, dwarves with the "Farming (fields)" labor enabled.

*Verify that your farmers have free time – farming appears to be a low-priority task, so it's a good idea to disable other labors on one or two dedicated farmers. (Experienced farmers also produce better yields.)

*Verify that the farm plot has a crop selected for the current season. (Each season must be set up separately, and some crops only grow in certain seasons.) 

*Verify that you have [[seed]]s for the chosen crop, and that those seeds are accessible to your farmers (not [[forbid]]den, locked behind a door, being carried across the map by one of your haulers, etc.).

*Verify that your farmers can reach your farm plot (no locked doors, disconnected stairways, etc.).

*Verify that your farm plot is acceptable. An underground plot that has been exposed to sunlight will never grow underground plants again. It may be necessary to remove the plot and rebuild it so that you can select aboveground crops to plant. Farm plots which are partially belowground and aboveground will never be fully planted. Additionally, some aboveground [[biome]]s (such as [[mountain]]s and [[glacier]]s) are unsuitable for farming and will never grow crops.

== Yield and fertilization ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 1em"
! Farm Size !! Potash !! Per Square
|-
| 1 || 1 || 1.000
|-
| 2 || 1 || 0.500
|-
| 3 || 1 || 0.333
|-
| 4 || 2 || 0.500
|-
| 5 || 2 || 0.400
|-
| 6 || 2 || 0.333
|-
| 7 || 2 || 0.286
|-
| 8 || 3 || 0.375
|-
| 11 || 3 || 0.272
|-
| 15 || 4 || 0.266
|-
| 27 || 7 || 0.259
|-
| 35 || 9 || 0.257
|-
| 63 || 16 || 0.254
|}
Each farm tile requires a single seed to be planted. Unfertilized farm tiles can produce a stack of 0-6 plants when harvested, depending upon the [[Grower|skill]] of the planter and random chance. Experimentally, fertilizing a farm plot boosts production by 1-3 additional plants per stack each harvest, though the exact mechanism is unknown. For unskilled planters, yield can be effectively doubled with the use of fertilizer. This can be particularly important early on, when your fortress's seed supply is limited, because those extra plants mean more seeds for planting next season. Many crops, like quarry bushes, are impossible to farm effectively in the beginning without fertilizer. Larger harvest stack sizes can also dramatically increase the efficiency of downstream industries; see the [[grower]] article for more discussion. To fertilize a farm plot, one needs [[potash]], which is produced by processing [[ash]]. Each plot must be re-fertilized each season, and the fertilizer must be in place at the time the seeds reach maturity. It does not matter whether the plot is fertilized at the time of planting. {{cite forum|139382/5375231}}

Fertilizing a farm plot requires ''floor(plot_size / 4) + 1'' potash.  The table on the right illustrates the efficiency of potash as a function of plot size.  Generally, larger farms use less, approaching a limit of 1/4 bar per square.  The worst yields per tile are multiples of 4; if one plans to optimize harvest yield, it's most efficient to have plots of size ''4n - 1'', where n is the number of potash used.  Suitable sizes are 1x3, 1x7, 3x5, 3x9, 5x7, and 7x9. If one plans to optimize farmer experience, plots of size 2 or 4 can be fertilized and seeded quickest, and experience can be distributed among more farmers. This ensures that if a bounty of crop is needed in the future, your farmers can yield more without potash, can plant and harvest quicker, and will have more time for other jobs in between.  Of course, the price you'll pay for this is more time spent highlighting each individual farm and changing the crops if you wish to adjust your farming plan.

Fertilizer may be applied to a plot by pressing {{k|f}} while viewing the plot. Only dwarves with the Farming (Fields) labor will apply fertilizer; this grants 30 XP of farming experience for each unit of potash used. Pressing {{k|s}} toggles seasonal fertilization. This does nothing until the next [[season]], at which time the plot will be automatically fertilized.  Note that if you do not have a potash stockpile near your farm plots, your legendary farmers may spend all of their time hauling single bars of potash from all the way on the other side of your fortress, rather than growing food.  

'''Potash Production Chain:'''
Wood [[Stockpile]] > Wood [[Furnace]] produces [[Ash]] (as [[bars]]) > [[Ashery]] produces [[potash]] (as [[bars]]).
Note:  5 bars are stored in a [[bin]].  An [[Ashery]] requires a [[block]], barrel, and bucket as components.

=== Exact yield mechanics ===

*Base yield is set to 1.
*If the farm plot is at least 25% fertilized, increase yield by rand(2) (a random number from 0 to 1).
*If the farm plot is at least 50% fertilized, increase yield by rand(2).
*If the farm plot is at least 75% fertilized, increase yield by rand(2).
*If the farm plot is 100% fertilized, increase yield by rand(2).
*If rand(5) (a random number from 0 to 4) is less than the Planting skill for the seed (the Farmer's skill level when the seed was planted, capped at 20 = Legendary+5), increase yield by rand(2).
*If rand(10) is less than the Planting skill for the seed, increase yield by rand(2).
*If rand(15) is less than the Planting skill for the seed, increase yield by rand(2).
*If rand(20) is less than the Planting skill for the seed, increase yield by rand(2).
*If rand(25) is less than the Planting skill for the seed (again, capped at 20) and rand(3) is equal to 0, increase yield by rand(2).

== Subterranean farming ==

To grow the six "dwarven" plants, you will need an underground farm plot.  The seeds and spawn available to your dwarves at embark will only grow underground. Underground farm plots must be placed on soil or [[mud]]dy stone.

Muddying a stone floor requires temporarily covering it with water; common methods include a [[Irrigation#via_Buckets|bucket brigade]] or '''controlled''' [[flood]]ing (see: [[Irrigation]]) by temporarily diverting a river or pool, using a [[floodgate]] or [[door]] to stop the flow. You may also find a muddied area in a [[cavern]], but note that each tile underneath the farm plot must be muddied. Most caverns have entire open areas which will be permanently covered in mud, but if you dig into the walls of a cavern or chisel away a pillar, the freshly cut floor area will not be muddied until you get it wet.  Underground caverns are dirty, and frequently contain [[Mud|piles of mud]] that are perfect for quickly setting up farms. However, given the wide variety of creatures found in caverns, you may want to take precautions.  Consider keeping a [[squad]] close at hand to guard the farm, or walling off a muddied area for your dwarves' exclusive use.

Underground farming is not restricted to soil layers and caverns; underground floor of any material – rough stone, smoothed stone, ore, gem – can support subterranean farm plots once there is a layer of mud covering it.  See [[irrigation]] for tips on getting the right amount of water to the farm plots.

== Above-ground farming ==
Farming of above ground crops is only possible on tiles that lie in a biome supporting their growth. Which crops are farmable depends on the biome - only plants "native" to a biome can actually be grown in a location: you cannot farm yams in a [[taiga]], or [[hemp]] in a [[tropical]] rainforest. There are also biomes where aboveground farming is entirely impossible, since no crops are native to them: these are the notoriously cold [[Glacier]] and [[Tundra]], but also all [[Mountain]] and [[Ocean]] [[biome]]s. The most widespread crops can be farmed in all land biomes with the exceptions mentioned above; this ubiquitous availability uses the internal reference NOT_FREEZING, but that label is somewhat misleading, since it's a [[Biome token|shorthand]] for a group of specific biomes and doesn't imply anything about the actual temperature - mountains and oceans are generally infertile, no matter what temperature range the embark screen lists, and a [[Taiga]] with "freezing" temperatures allows farming above ground plants.

Above-ground farming is basically the same as underground farming, with the simplifying distinction that above ground plots typically do not require preparatory work. However, there are some complications.

The first complication is that seeds cannot be chosen at embark, as dwarven civilizations do not have access to those sort of plants.  They can be bought from [[Elves|elven]] and [[human]] caravans; above-ground plants can be gathered using the [[Plant gathering]] designation, and then [[brewer|brewed]], [[miller|milled]], [[thresher|threshed]] or [[food|eaten]] directly (depending on the plant) to produce seeds.

The second complication is that the farming must be done on [[soil]] or muddied rock, which is [[above ground]].  Typically, it is done on the surface, which is dangerous (due to aggressive animals, ambushes and sieges).  However, any land which has ever been exposed to sunlight becomes permanently marked as "above ground".  So, if you have multiple Z-layers of soil, you can channel some above-ground land, remove the resulting ramps, then construct a floor above, where the surface once was.  The (now inside and protected) lower soil will still be suitable for farming outdoor plants like [[strawberry|strawberries]], [[longland grass]], [[rope reed]], and anything else you may find. If your soil is not thick enough, you may still get a secure above ground farm by doing the same with any stone and muddying it. Alternatively, you may build a greenhouse by [[wall]]ing around some soil.

The various crops require particular environments to grow. On an embark which crosses multiple biomes, it's not unusual for aboveground farms in different biomes to have different lists of available crops. 

Note that when creating an above ground plot, the interface may incorrectly display "No mud/soil for farm", even though mud is present. {{bug|249}} The message can be ignored.

== Farm plots in action ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:1em;width:35%"
|+ Growth duration for subterranean crops
|-
! Crops !! Game [[Time|ticks]] until harvest !! Days until harvest
|-
| Plump helmet, pig tail || 30000 || 25 days
|-
| Cave wheat, sweet pod, quarry bush, dimple cup || 50000 || 41.666 days
|}

Once a farm plot has been built and crops have been selected for the current season, dwarves with the "[[Grower|Farming (Fields)]]" labor enabled will begin planting the selected seeds.  One seed is used per tile.  The higher a dwarf's grower skill in planting, the more plants will be harvested from each seed planted. The farming labor is fairly low in priority, so if you want a full-time farmer, it is best to disable all other labors.

Plants take time to grow, depending on their type. Once a plant is fully grown, a dwarf will harvest it. By default, any dwarf will do this. Harvesting plants is not affected by any skill, although it provides a small amount of grower experience. So it's a good idea to set only your planters to harvest, not anyone. To do that, set option "Only Farmers Harvest" {{k|o}}{{k|h}}. This is useful only to train your planter faster; once they're skilled enough, everyone can be allowed to harvest again so the haulers can take care of half the farming work.

<div style="float:right">
{| style="border-spacing: 0"
|{{RT|≈|6:0}}||{{RT|`|0:1}}||{{RT|τ|6:1}}||{{RT|═|6:0}}||{{RT|≈|6:0}}
|-
|{{RT|≈|6:0}}||{{RT|≈|6:0}}||{{RT|τ|6:1}}||{{RT|═|6:0}}||{{RT|≈|6:0}}
|-
|{{RT|≈|6:0}}||{{RT|≈|6:0}}||{{RT|τ|6:1}}||{{RT|═|6:0}}||{{RT|≈|6:0}}
|-
|{{RT|≈|6:0}}||{{RT|τ|6:1}}||{{RT|═|6:0}}||{{RT|≈|6:0}}||{{RT|≈|6:0}}
|-
|{{RT|≈|6:0}}||{{RT|τ|6:1}}||{{RT|═|6:0}}||{{RT|≈|6:0}}||{{RT|≈|6:0}}
|}
</div>
In the farm plot shown on the right, {{Tile|≈|6:0}} indicates tiles awaiting planting, {{Tile|═|6:0}} indicates tiles that have been planted and are now growing, and {{Tile|τ|6:1}} indicates [[longland grass]] plants that are ready for harvesting.

If harvested plants are not moved to a stockpile in time, they will wither. These plants will eventually [[rot]] away. There's no use for withered plants. If, when the seasons change, the previous crop can not grow anymore, all immature plants will be destroyed yielding neither seed nor plant. If the farmers are "aware" of this limitation, they will automatically stop planting crops that haven't enough time to ripen, but you might lose a few seeds in your first year when growers of insufficient skill plant seeds too close to the cutoff. Depending on the number of growers and their experience and the rate at which the plant grows, not all squares of large plots may be used. Any farm plot that has both Above Ground and Subterranean tile attributes within the plot will only be partially planted, if at all. Verify using {{k|k}} over each square of the plot and remake as needed to follow the proper attributes.

=== Farm size ===
{{main|Farm size calculations}}

A beginning fortress has 7 dwarves, each of which consumes 7 units of food and drink per dwarf per season, needs 196 for the whole fortress for the year. This starting group can theoretically be supported by a single farm tile, but in practice a larger farm will be necessary since a young fortress is unable to use farm tiles to their fullest potential.

A properly-managed and fully-utilized 3x3 plot growing plump helmets can produce an average of up to 2700 units of alcohol per year, enough to provide food (through booze-cooking with seeds) and drink for a fortress of 95 dwarves. A similar 5x5 plot can produce up to 7500 units of food and drink per year, enough to support 265 dwarves.

== Management ==
Use the [[stocks]] menu, and go to the Kitchen tab. From here you can see how many of each kind of food you have. If you're running out of a certain kind of seed, toggle the corresponding plant "Cook" setting to red. [[Cooking]] plants doesn't leave a seed. If you have too many of a certain kind of seed, or of plump helmet, as noted above, toggle the seed "Cook" setting to blue. Just make sure you check on the stocks and toggle it back before you run out. It may also be a good idea to set aside a few seeds from each type of crop and [[forbid]] them, as a seed bank in case of [[fun|fun times]]. 

=== Managing seeds ===
[[Seed]]s are used to grow [[crop]]s. You may begin the game with a certain number of seeds, [[trade]] for them, or [[plant gathering|gather]] them. In addition to this, eating, [[milling]] and [[brewing]] plants often yield a seed (assuming your fortress hasn't hit the seed cap for that plant). [[Cooking]] plants does not yield seeds, and cooking seeds makes them unusable for planting, so you may want to watch out and make sure you don't convert the last of your plants into +strawberry roast+ without the ability to make more.

You can create a custom [[stockpile]] near your [[farm]] which will only accept [[seed]]s. This will consolidate your seeds into one place, instead of having them littered all through the [[dining room]]. Seeds are stored in [[bag]]s (up to 100 seeds per bag), and seed bags can be stored in barrels. However it is recommended to not use barrels on seed stockpiles, since the hauling habits lead to barrels getting carted around to collect each and every loose seed, interrupting the planting work; see the [[#Bugs|Bugs]] section below for workarounds. 

<small>For DF2014 the theoretical seed stockpile maximum size is 31 tiles for 200 seeds of each of 155 crops, but the actual maximum needed is much less because no fort will be situated in the right place to grow all of those. Four tiles gives enough space for 20 different crops.</small>

Each plant has a fortress-wide seed cap set at 200 (this value can be adjusted in [[d_init.txt]]). [[Brewing]], [[milling]], and [[food|eating]] raw plants will not generate additional seeds once the cap is reached, although you may still get additional seed bags via [[trading]] and thus exceed this limit. Once the count of seeds falls below 200, new seeds will again be generated.

There is also a fortress-wide total seed cap, initially set at 3000 (also configurable in [[d_init.txt]]). Once your fortress reaches this cap new seeds will still be generated, but the oldest seeds on the map will disappear. Unfortunately, this cap counts all seeds on the map, including those carried by traders {{bug|8108}}, and removes old seeds even if they have already been planted {{bug|8107}}. Finally, because the two caps behave differently, they can cause undesirable behavior when both are in operation {{bug|8091}}. 

Seeds may be toggled for [[cooking]] on the Kitchen tab of the [[stocks]] menu. Disabling seed cooking will keep your seeds safe from starving dwarves. Although the item properties label them as EDIBLE_RAW, [[quarry bush|rock nuts]], like all other seeds, are ''not'' consumed as-is.

=== Managing crops ===
When your [[crop]]s are ripe, your dwarves will harvest them from the farm plots. This will yield one or more [[stack]]s of [[plant]]s, which will be [[hauling|hauled]] to the appropriate [[stockpile]]. It is generally a good idea to have sufficient [[barrel]]s to hold the food, as [[food]] is subject to [[wear|withering]] and the predation of [[vermin]]. [[Metal]] barrels are especially effective against vermin. You can create a custom stockpile that will only accept [[plant]]s, to avoid having it all mixed up with your [[meat]] and [[drink]]s. It would be a good idea to have this stockpile near your [[still]], [[farmer's workshop]], [[kitchen]], etc. You may also choose to make more specialized stockpiles, for instance if your [[windmill]] is located far away from your farms, you might have small nearby stockpiles dedicated solely to millable plants and [[flour]] so as to save on hauling. 

The Kitchen tab on the [[stocks]] menu allows you to control which crops, if any, your dwarves will use as ingredients when cooking. Be careful when you are cultivating new crops or running low on others, and make sure you don't cook the last of them instead of recovering the valuable seeds. Note that experienced [[farmer]]s and crop [[fertilize|fertilization]] significantly increase the return on planted seeds, and can be quite useful when attempting to build your seed stockpile.

If you suffer from plump helmet overflow, create a plump-helmet-only stockpile, forbid plump helmets from all other food stockpiles, and let the crops in the field die if they can't be picked. It is worth noting that withering crops in the field do not produce miasma.

== Adventure mode ==

Interestingly, farming does work in adventure mode, though it requires the use of [[DFHack]]'s advfort plugin - buy fruit at a market, brew them into booze and seeds, build farming plots, plant the seeds. Unfortunately the time it takes for stuff to grow is adapted to fortress mode, and it make an inordinate amount of time for your adventurer to do a single harvest.

== Bugs ==

* "Store item in container" jobs block access to items already in the container. This causes stored seeds to become unavailable, spamming job cancellations. {{bug|9004}}
** Workaround #1: set your seed stockpile to only take from links ({{k|a}}). When seed supplies run low, toggle it back to "anywhere" temporarily to gather up all the loose seeds.
** Workaround #2: disable barrels ({{k|E}}) in the seed stockpile.  This means making the stockpile larger, as only one seed bag will be stored per tile. However, at 100 seeds per bag and with the 200 seed cap per seed type (cf. [[seed]]), this still only amounts to 12 tiles for a full underground-crop seed stockpile, assuming each seed type is only stored in 2 bags. Haulers will still lock a whole bag to gather individual seeds, but this is better than locking a whole barrel full of seed bags.
** Workaround #3: create two custom [[stockpile]]s which only accept [[seed]]s. Disable barrels in the first stockpile, and set it to give to the second stockpile. Set the second to only take from links. 
** Workaround #4: disable seeds in all stockpiles and recruit a few extra farmers. No hauled seeds means no planting job cancellation spam.
* Fortress-wide seed cap counts seeds carried by traders {{bug|8108}}
* Fortress-wide seed cap removes seeds that have already been planted {{bug|8107}}
* Conflict between seed caps can cause all seeds for a crop to disappear {{bug|8091}}
* Some crops can't be processed, and so can't be used or replanted {{bug|6940}}
** [http://www.bay12forums.com/smf/index.php?topic=162231.msg7321878#msg7321878 partial workaround] by editing the raws for bitter vetch (possibly works for other crops too)

== Caveats (warnings) ==

=== Red crops ===

Crops will sometimes be displayed as red in the field listing. This means that planting the crop would be fruitless, as it will not survive long enough to be harvested (due to it not being plantable during the next season). Note that this will only happen if your dwarves actually '''know''' that the crop will die, which will be learned either by observation (i.e. having the seeds die during a season transition) or by being planted by a sufficiently skilled Farmer.

== See also ==
* [[Irrigation]]
* [[Tile attributes]]
* [[Crops]]
* [[How large a farm do i need|How large a farm do I need?]] 

{{Translation| dwarven = ivom | elvish = tòbafí | goblin = gotåm | human = ab}}

<nowiki>{{Category|Buildings}}
{{Category|Agriculture| }}
{{Industry}}
[[en:Farming]]</nowiki>


[[Dwarves]] require approximately 2 units of [[food]] and 5 units of [[drink]] each season. [[Farming]] can produce enough [[crop]]s to satisfy part or all of these requirements. However, be aware that the more and larger your farms are, the more time and effort must be accorded to their maintenance.

==The math==
Your dwarves can plant 1 [[seed]] per tile on each [[farm plot]], and depending on the [[skill]] of the [[grower]], whether the farm plot was [[fertilizer|fertilized]], and random chance, each planted tile will yield a stack of 1-9 plants each harvest cycle. Legendary farmers can consistently produce stacks of 4 - 5 (average of about 4.7) without fertilizer, or 8 - 9 when fertilized. 

[[Brewing]] always quintuples stack sizes; for example, a stack of [[cave wheat]] [5] is brewed into a [[barrel]] of [[dwarven beer]] [25] at a [[still]]. Processing [[quarry bush]] plants into quarry bush leaves at a [[farmer's workshop]] also quintuples stack size, as does processing [[sweet pod]]s into [[dwarven syrup]]. ([[Mill]]ing does ''not'' increase stack size.) These larger stacks (including booze!) are generally not usable directly as food, but can be [[cook]]ed into prepared meals. [[Cave wheat]], [[sweet pod]]s and [[quarry bush]]es grow 67% slower than other crops, though they generally provide more valuable ingredients. As long as the mature plants are harvested promptly, dwarves can grow multiple plantings in the same plot each season.

{|class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Plant Name
!colspan=5|Active Seasons
!rowspan=2|Days Per Harvest
!rowspan=2|Harvests Per Tile<br>Per Season
!rowspan=2|Harvests Per Tile<br>Per Year
!rowspan=2|Average Plants Harvested<br>Per Tile Per Year'''*'''
!rowspan=2|Average Processed Food/Drink<br>Per Tile Per Year'''*'''
|-
!Sp
!Su
!Au
!Wi
!N
|-
|[[Plump helmet]]
|X
|X
|X
|X
|4
|25
|3
|12
|60
|300
|-
|[[Pig tail]]
| -
|X
|X
| -
|2
|25
|3
|6
|30
|150
|-
|[[Cave wheat]]
| -
|X
|X
| -
|2
|42
|2
|4
|20
|100
|-
|[[Sweet pod]]
|X
|X
| -
| -
|2
|42
|2
|4
|20
|100
|-
|[[Quarry bush]]
|X
|X
|X
| -
|3
|42
|2
|6
|30
|150
|-
|[[Prickle berry]]
|X
|X
|X
|X
|4
|25
|3
|12
|60
|300
|-
|[[Wild strawberry]]
|X
|X
|X
|X
|4
|25
|3
|12
|60
|300
|-
|[[Longland grass]]
|X
|X
|X
|X
|4
|25
|3
|12
|60
|300
|-
|[[Rat weed]]
|X
|X
|X
|X
|4
|25
|3
|12
|60
|300
|-
|[[Fisher berry]]
|X
|X
|X
|X
|4
|25
|3
|12
|60
|300
|-
|[[Rope reed]]
|X
|X
|X
|X
|4
|25
|3
|12
|60
|300
|-
|[[Sliver barb]]
|X
|X
|X
|X
|4
|25
|3
|12
|60
|300
|-
|[[Sun berry]]
|X
|X
|X
|X
|4
|25
|3
|12
|60
|300
|-
|[[Whip vine]]
|X
|X
|X
|X
|4
|25
|3
|12
|60
|300
|}

:'''*''': ''5 plants per harvest (mid-level farmer with fertilization or legendary farmer without fertilization)''

A beginning fortress has 7 dwarves, each of which consumes 7 [[Main:urist|urist]]s of food and drink per dwarf per season, or 196 for the whole fortress for the year. The starting group can theoretically be supported by a single farm tile, but in practice a larger farm will be necessary since a young fortress is unable to use farm tiles to their fullest potential. 

A properly-managed and fully-utilized 3x3 plot growing plump helmets can produce an average of up to 2700 units of alcohol per year, enough to provide food (through booze-[[cooking]] with seeds) and drink for a fortress of 95 dwarves. A similar 5x5 plot can produce up to 7500 units of food and drink per year, enough to support 265 dwarves.

This calculation assumes your planters can consistently produce stacks of 5 plants (with or without fertilization), and that there are enough of them to avoid any labor shortages at planting times. The general limitation, then, is not the size of the farm, but the skill of the growers, the availability of seeds and [[potash]] for fertilizer, and careful management of [[labor]], [[stockpiles]], and the food industry to ensure that crops are harvested (rather than left to [[wear|wither]] in the field), are properly stored away from [[vermin]], the plants are processed, and seeds are recovered so that the cycle can continue next season. However, since adding farm tiles is practically free, most overseers find it easier to create larger farms than to optimize production on a smaller plot.

In practice, dwarves require booze variety to avoid bad [[thought]]s and desire food variety to create good thoughts. Additionally, if your dwarves are going to grow textiles (and [[dye]]s) for [[clothing]], they will need more farmland. 

At the high end, 50 tiles of farmland should provide all the food your fortress will ever need, even if divided between disparate types of less-efficient crops.

==Approaches==
Many fortresses begin with a single large farm (5x5) with [[plump helmet]]s, or several smaller farms (3x3 or 1x5 are common) with a wider variety of crops. Given the small number of dwarves, only 10 or so tiles are needed for a beginning fortress. As the growers [[experience|level up]] and farm yields increase the farm can be expanded and newer, smaller farms with different crops can be added to enable new growers to practice their skills. The more tiles of farm plot you have, the more growers (and harvesters) you will need. A single legendary farmer can plant up to 100 tiles of farmland if they never harvest themselves and the seed stockpile is only a half-dozen tiles from all farm plot tiles. Consider making the seed stockpile in the middle of a ring of farms to save travel time.  

If you plan to [[farming|fertilize]], farm plots should ideally be one less than a multiple of 4 tiles -- ex. (1x3), (1x7), (3x5), (3x9), (5x7), (7x9)

<nowiki>{{Category|Agriculture}}
[[en:Farm size calculations]]
</nowiki>